That is, zero did not appear to be “special”. Moreover, in both conditions, accuracy on these critical empty set test trials rivaled that of other trials in which they were presented with a novel set size of five, suggesting that the empty set was treated equivalently to any other novel numerical value. Remarkably, bees trained to select the smaller value selected the empty set more often than chance levels and bees trained to select the larger value selected the empty set less often than chance. Once bees successfully learned the ordinal rule for their condition (performing above 80% accuracy), they were given test trials involving one of the trained values (1–4) and a novel set size, including 0. Bees in the “less than” condition were trained on the converse relation that is, they were rewarded with sucrose for approaching the display containing the smaller number. That is, bees in the “greater than” condition were rewarded for approaching the more numerous array. In the “greater than” condition, a tasty sucrose reward was located on the platform corresponding to the display with the greater number of items and a bitter quinine solution (punishment) was located on the platform corresponding to the display with the smaller numerosity. During training, bees were presented with pairs of displays containing two different numbers of shapes (any combination of two numbers between 1 and 4). set out to determine whether honey bees spontaneously generalize an ordinal response rule to novel values, including the empty set. ( 2018) elegantly demonstrate that even insects order zero along the numerical continuum.
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